
Bill of Rights
(circa 1791)

While drafting the Constitution a number of States expressed concern that it did not do enough to protect individual
rights and that it also lacked measures to prevent governmental intrusions and abuse of power. In order to
alleviate the fears and concerns regarding a potential for a runaway government, the founding fathers drew influence from such
documents as the Magna Carta
and the Virginia Declaration of Rights
in drafting these proposed rights and government limitations. Their intent was to protect, for all time, individual
rights and liberties that would be free from government intrusion and interference. By establishing these new rights and
inking a line that all citizens could be certain that the government could not cross without recourse, the
founding fathers fostered public confidence in the newly formed government. After more than 200 years, citizens of the
United States still enjoy these same rights and liberties as inked by the founding fathers.
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Articles in Addition to, and Amendment Of, the Constitution of the
United States of America, Proposed by Congress, and Ratified by the Legislatures of
the Several States, Pursuant to the Fifth Article of the Original Constitution.
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for
a redress of grievances.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
Right to Keep and Bear Arms
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the
right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
No Quartering of Soldiers in Time of Peace
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent
of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
No Unreasonable Search and Seizure
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants
shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be
seized.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
No Unlawful Imprisonment; Double Jeopardy; Self Incrimination; Due Process
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless
on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land
or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public
danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
Right to Speedy Trial; Confronting of Witnesses
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and
public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime
shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained
by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be
confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining
witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
Right to Trial by Jury
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars,
the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall
be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the
rules of the common law.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
No Excessive Bail; No Cruel or Unusual Punishment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
unusual punishments inflicted.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
State Reservation of Rights; Residual Rights to the People
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to
deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
Federal Reservation of Rights; Residual Rights to the State or People
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited
by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, and ratified by the States on December 15, 1791
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